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The cattle Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I-like Gene Family A (MHCLA) was initially discovered in a cattle spleen cDNA library during a search for highly divergent mammalian genes [1]. Two transcripts, MHCLA1 and MHCLA2, were found to be members of the MHC Class I superfamily, encoding cell-surface transmembrane proteins containing α1- and α2-like domains, but no α3-like domain. These molecules have peptide sequence similarity to their homologues in other mammalian species, including the ULBP and RAET1 molecules in humans [2, 3] and the H60, RAE1 and MULT1 molecules in mice [4, 5, 6, 7]. To establish consistency with the human nomenclature, the cattle MHCLA1 and MHCLA2 genes are renamed ULBP1 and ULBP2, respectively, in this study. The function of cattle ULBP molecules is not known, but the human and mouse homologues have been demonstrated to interact with the NKG2D receptor, leading to activation of natural killer (NK) cells and T cell subsets in anti-tumour and infectious disease immunity [8]. In vitro studies have demonstrated that the soluble human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) protein UL16 interferes with the ability of ULBP1 and ULBP2 to interact with NKG2D, and co-expression of UL16 with ULBP1 or ULBP2 results in cytoplasmic retention of the ULBP molecules [2, 9, 10].

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Dosch Packaging Design V2 Rapidshare Search Engine

Southern blot analysis revealed the existence of a high copy number of ULBP genes in the cattle genome and seven other ruminant genomes. It was thus hypothesized that the cattle ULBP genes evolved rapidly by duplication and sequence divergence in response to selective pressure exerted by a viral pathogen(s). Extensive duplication of the cattle ULBP genes may serve to increase the repertoire of ULBP molecules able to bind NKG2D to initiate an immune response even in the presence of a UL16-like molecule [1].

The purpose of the present study was to identify the number of ULBP genes in cattle and describe their genomic organization. Six cattle bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones were sequenced, resulting in the identification of 30 ULBP loci organized in two gene clusters on BTA9. Sequence analysis of the paralogues revealed that extensive gene duplication led to the present organization of the ULBP gene clusters. Bioinformatics tools were employed to characterize domains and sequence motifs in ten ULBP genes predicted to encode cell surface molecules, the majority of which are predicted glycoproteins. Substitution analysis identified specific codons in these genes that appear to be under positive Darwinian selection, and these selected sites were interpreted in a structural context using homology modelling.